日本闇齋學派的朱子學研究：以山崎闇齋《文會筆錄》為例的探討

A Study of Ansai School’s Shushigaku: Through Yamasaki Ansai’s Bunkaihituroku

山崎闇齋為日本德川時代之代表性朱子學者。山崎闇齋對朱熹思想有著深刻之共鳴，致力弘揚朱熹思想。山崎闇齋的代表著作就是《文會筆錄》全20卷。其性質、內容乃是山崎闇齋整理、抄錄與朱熹思想相關的重要文獻，並將之重新編輯，同時附加簡單之標註與評語而成，可以視它為山崎闇齋研讀朱子學相關文獻的讀書筆記。因此，透過本書可以理解作為日本德川時代的朱子學者閱讀何種漢籍，如何學習朱子學，到底與朱子學產生共鳴的內容為何等具體情況，亦即作為朱子學在日本被接受、傳播的某一種型態來加以考察。本文以山崎闇齋《文會筆錄》為探討對象，藉由分析、整理《文會筆錄》的整體結構、內容，闡明山崎闇齋如何解讀朱子學相關文獻，以及說明闇齋朱子學的特色。透過本文的探討、分析，可以獲得以下的結論。山崎闇齋為了研究朱子思想，將能夠入手或參考的與朱子相關資料澈底蒐集，並對這些資料互相對照、篩選，試圖建構出盡量完整、可靠的朱子相關基本資料庫。山崎闇齋的朱子思想研究就在這種澈底的文獻整理、文本批判的基礎上進行的。一般認為山崎闇齋與伊藤仁齋或荻生徂徠等古學派學者相比，較重視義理方面的思索或修養工夫，不太重視文獻考證，但事實上，雖然限定於朱子學的範圍，山崎闇齋非常重視文獻考證。我們不能忽略闇齋朱子學是建立在其嚴謹的文獻考證上建立的這一事實。

This article focuses on Yamazaki Ansai (山崎闇齋), his Bunkaihituroku (文會筆錄), and the Japanese Confucianism of Shushigaku (朱子學) during the Edo Period. Yamazaki Ansai worshiped Zhu Xi and believed his philosophy to be perfect. From this perspective, he explained Zhu Xi’s philosophy without creating his own. Therefore, in Ansai’s works of philology, he almost only marshaled data that related to Zhu Xi’s philosophy. The most famous result of this type of work is Bunkaihituroku. We can understand which Chinese classics were read by the scholars of Shushigaku during the Edo Period and understand the spread of Shushigaku in Japan through the study of Bunkaihituroku. I argue that Ansai collected the data on Zhu Xi and attempted to analyze it in order to construct a full database about Shushigaku. His study was based on this work of philology. Although Ansai is usually seen to pay attention to ethics more than philology and to dislike Ito Jinsai (伊藤仁齋) and Ogyu Sorai (荻生徂徠), we cannot ignore that Ansai’s Shushigaku is based on his work of philology.