新自由主义常识与全球性大学:高等教育中的知识商品化

The Neoliberal Common Sense and Global Universities : Knowledge Commodification in Higher Education

“常识”的概念已经成为一种意识形态,在当代社会构建霸权主义、并将霸权主义作为道德与智力领导力的过程中起着重要作用。尽管在事实上新自由主义作为一种经济发展模式已经彻底失败,与新自由主义相关的文化政治仍然盛行于世,并在塑造现代政府和教育角色的理念中变成了新的常识。新自由主义全球化是全球化中最突出的模式,以市场相对于政府的主导地位和放松管制的治理模式为前提,在“学术资本主义”背景下深深地影响了高校。由此带来的改革通常以促进国际竞争力为合理借口,也被称为“竞争型改革"。市场力量日益渗透到高等教育领城,围绕学术资本主义“游戏“展开的大学治理模式的重构,均显示了新自由主义对高校影响的四个主要方面,即效率与问责制、认证与普及化、国际竞争力、私有化。通过引入以管理主义治理院校的新型模式,高校深化并扩大了自身的危机。虽然高校采纳并实施了这些改革措施,但是在不同领域,在自上而下地通过政策和重心调整强制改革时,全球化面临着越来越大的阻力。在许多情况下,新自由主义改革通过收取较高学费与减少政府对院校和个人的支持,限制了一些阶级和种族接受高等教育的机会。

The notion of common sense has become an ideology that plays a major role in the process of constructing hegemony as moral and intellectual leadership in contemporary societies. Despite the fact that neoliberalism has utterly failed as a viable model of economic development ,the politics of culture associated with neoliberalism is still in force and quite strong, becoming the new common sense in shaping modern concepts of the role of government and education. Neoliberal globalization, the most prominent model of globalization predicated on the dominance of the market over the state and on deregulatory models of governance, has deeply affected the university in the context of academic capitalism. The resulting reforms, rationalized as advancing in-ternational competitiveness ,are also known as” competition-based reforms “ ,and public universities have been particularly affected. The increasing penetration of market forces into higher education and the reorganization of university governance around " playing the game " of academic capitalism mark the influence of neoliberalism on universities in four primary areas: efficiency and accountability, accreditation and universalization, international competitiveness ,and privatization. By introducing managerialism as a new form of institutional governance, however, universities have deepened and magnified their crises. While these reforms are implemented and adopted, there is also growing resistance to globalization as top -down- imposed reforms through policies and priorities taking place in diverse domains. In many cases , neoliberal reforms have limited access and opportunity along class and racial lines , including limiting access to higher education through the imposition of higher tuition and reduced government support to institutions and individuals.