是“具体落实”还是“选择性移植”─《教育法律一揽子修订草案（征求意见稿）》解读

Concrete Implementation or Selectively Transplantation: Interpretation for Draft of Revised Package of Education Law

2013年9月5日,国务院法制办公室公布了《教育法律一揽子修订草案(征求意见稿)》,向社会各界征求意见。本次修订呈现出以下特点:(1)从修订目的来看,是“为了落实《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要(2010-2020年)》”,但从具体内容来看,并未存有对如何“落实”的具体规定,而是选择性地移植了《纲要》中关于“教育现代化”、“教育信息化”和“教育国际化”等表述。这样一些含义不明、权利和义务界限不清的词汇写进《教育法》,降低了法律的可操作性。(2)从价值取向来看,政府主导的法律生成过程表现出“重管理、轻权利”的倾向,使本次《教师法》的修订只单方面关注教师管理制度,未对实质性问题做出修订。(3)本次修订的一大亮点是明确对民办学校采取“营利性法人”和“非营利性法人”分类管理。由于“营利性的民办学校”不属于民办非企业单位,也无法归属到现行《民法通则》中确立的任何一种法人类型之中,故其落实还需要同其他法律、法规的配套与协调。

On September 5th, 2013, the Legislative Affairs Office of the State Council P.R. China issued the Draft for Revised Package of Education Law and sought opinions from the public. There are several characteristics in the revised draft. Firstly, the aim of the revision was to implement the Outline for National Education Reform and Development of Middle and Long-term Planning Programs However, the content does not have specific provisions about how to implement the outline. It just selectively transplanted the unclear terms in the outline such as Educational Informationization, Educational Modernization and Education Internationalization, which lower the operability of law. Secondly, this development process of the law leading by government presented a value orientation of emphasizing supervision rather than the rights, which resulted in that the revision of Teacher's Law only concerned the teachers’ management system, but neglected some key problems. Thirdly, the classification of non-state funded schools into the for-profit legal person or the non-profit legal person is one of the important features in this revision. As the for-profit private schools belong neither to the non-state funded enterprise, nor to any other corporate type in General Rule of Civil Law, further support and coordination from other laws and regulations are needed.