实证社会科学中的因果关系与理论解释：我们需要理解的十对概念

Causal Relations and Theoretical Explanations in Experiential Social Sciences:Ten Pairs of Concepts

实证社会科学通过对观察资料和经验事实的概括，确定因果关系，并对事实现象作出理论解释。然而，社会科学在因果关系与理论解释方面面临着特殊的困难和问题。本文以教育和心理研究为例，列举了我们在研究中需要理解的十对概念，试图激发人们对学科方法论问题的反思。

Research in experiential social sciences aims to determine casual relations and make theoretical explanations by generalizing from observational data and experiential facts. However, social sciences face particular difficulties and problems in constructing casual relations and theoretical explanations. Taking research in education and psychology as an example, the present paper summarizes ten pairs of concepts that we should understand, as a means of provoking reflection on the methodological issues.