高齡者之感恩性情對主觀幸福感的影響：情緒與認知之雙元中介機制

Effects of the Elderly's Gratitude Deposition on Subjective Well-being: A Dual Mediating Mechanism of Emotion and Cognition

本研究從正向心理資源的角度切入，探究符合高齡發展且具可塑性的「感恩」與高齡者主觀幸福感之關聯，並探究其間的中介機制。研究假設：在控制一些隨著老化而改變的生活狀況變項（生病次數、運動情形）後，高齡者的感恩性情對主觀幸福感（生活滿意、正/負向情緒）仍有顯著正向效果，此效果係透過情緒面的感恩情緒與認知面的生命回憶之中介。本研究以問卷調查法，搜集到355 名55 歲以上的高齡者資料。透過結構方程式模型的檢驗，在控制年齡、性別、生病次數、運動變項的效果之下，路徑模式的結果顯示：（1）感恩性情對感恩情緒與正向生命回憶有正向助益；（2）感恩情緒會增加正向情緒，但也會帶來負向情緒；（3）正向生命回憶會增加生活滿意與正向情緒，也會減少負向情緒；（4）感恩情緒可中介感恩性情對正向情緒與負向情緒之效果；（5）正向生命回憶可中介感恩性情對生活滿意、正向情緒、及負向情緒之效果。總結來說，感恩性情可透過認知面的生命回憶與情緒面的感恩情緒兩個不同的中介機制來影響主觀幸福感三成分，其中，又以生命回憶具有較大的正面效果。比起生命回憶，感恩情緒不但效果較弱，甚至可能帶來負向情緒。因此，比起感恩情緒，生命回憶似乎更是高齡者幸福感的重要機制。最後，本文也提出本研究的限制、未來的研究方向，及提升高齡者幸福感的可行方案，希冀這些方案，能拋磚引玉，讓更多心理學者能對台灣的高齡社會做出更實質的貢獻。

From the perspective of positive psychological resources, “gratitude“ not only possesses plasticity, but is also an importantpsychological characteristic in elderly development. This study explored the connection between the “gratitude“ of elders andtheir subjective wellbeing and probed into the mediating mechanism between them. Although aging is an inevitable part oflife, elders are faced with many losses and restrictions that make elderly life difficult. Therefore, how to enable elders to “agepositively“ has become an issue of common concern for many scholars. In the past, multi-faceted successful aging indicatorshave often been adopted to reflect positive aging. However, this study used streamlined wellbeing of concern in psychologyinstead and employed basic conditions such as “reasonable physical health“, “low-risk disease or disability“ as the controlvariables. This study that the emotional characteristic (gratitude disposition), a positive psychological resource elders possess,produces significant effects on the wellbeing of elders. Even behind the background variables of controlled population (age,gender) and living status (frequency of falling into illness, exercise status), gratitude disposition still plays an influential roleon the three constituents of wellbeing. Additionally, gratitude disposition mediates the effects of gratitude disposition on theconstituents of wellbeing through emotion (gratitude emotion) or cognition (positive life memory). In other words,psychological resources play a certain role on the wellbeing of elders. This study especially selected gratitude because it is apsychological resource with plasticity. At the same time, it is also in line with reachability in elderly development and is anemotional state often experienced by elders. These two characteristics enable psychologists to focus on changing the situationof elders in order for them to age more positively.