蒙学科学全书 与20世纪初的科学启蒙

Elementary Science Textbooks and Science Enlightenment in the Early Twentieth Century

日本学者的马克思主义教育研究是否对构建中国马克思主义教育学产生过影响，是迄今学术界尚未深入探讨的一个课题。通过考察杨贤江流亡日本期间完成的著作《新教育大纲》，发现其中有关“教19世纪下半叶以来，西学迅速进入中国，但科学的传播却较为缓慢。伴随着20世纪初中国新式教育的出现，文明书局高举“科学”的大旗，1903年开始出版“蒙学科学全书”28种。这是第一次书名全部印有“教科书”字样、第一套中国人自己分科编著（译）、至今唯一用“科学”之名统领的教科书。这套教科书明确学科概念及知识分类，彰显了中国学术由四部之学到分科之学的转型；下移中国科学启蒙的重心，大量普及科学常识；突出科学研究的基本方法，特别强调试验与观察；全面规范“教科书”要素，分化了科学译著与教学用书；渗透教育学、心理学知识，提升了教科书编制的科学化程度；注重课程内容与教学进度有序、弹性、指导性，但没有分级设编。“蒙学科学全书”让我们看到了中国知识分子的智慧与创新，以及由此开启20世纪初科学启蒙的新时代。

Whether Japanese scholars' Marxist education research has influenced the construction of Chinese Marxist Education Science or not has been an issue that has not been explored in depth so far in ac ademic circle. By exploring The Outline of New Education written by Yang Xianjiang during his exile in Japan， this article found that the framework of ＂education history phased by forms of social development＂ in the outline stemmed from the book Education Research on Russian Workers and Peasants by Japanese and Yang adopted the framework as a method of analysis throughout The Outline of New Education. On the basis of the Marxist dialectical materialist conception of Since the second half of the 19th century， western knowledge has been rapidly introduced in China， but the scientific dissemination was slow. At the beginning of 20th century， with the emergence of new education in China， the Civilization Press advocated science and published 28 types of ＂Elementary Science Textbook＂ sincel903. This is the first textbooks that were all printed with the name ＂text book＂， and translated and edited by subjects by Chinese， and they are the only textbooks named after ＂science＂ so far. This set of textbooks clarified the concept of subject and the classification of knowledge and showed the transformation from four branch learning to subject learning of China academics， shifted down the fo cus of science enlightenment to popularize the scientific common sense in China; highlighted the basic methods of scientific research with an emphasis on test and observation in particular; standardized the ele- ments of ＂textbooks＂ and distinguished the books used for teaching from books of scientific translation， permeated the knowledge of education and psychology and enhanced the degree of scientification of text book editing， and paid attention to the order， flexibility and guidance in curriculum content and teaching process without editing by levels. The elementary science textbooks reflected the wisdom and innovation of Chinese intellectuals and opened the brand new science enlightenment era in the early 20th century.