清代传统书院董事制度及其流变的历史考察

The Historical Study of the Board System of Traditional Academies in Qing Dynasty and I ts Changes

China's modern school board has its local ongm. Since the mid-Qing， board system emerged and systematic board system started to form in many private academies and a small number of government funded academies. The local gentry served as board members and managed academies under the control of the government. The board members took care of personnel， funds， real estate， enrollment， teaching， educational administration and examination; they actually played the role of ＂manager＂. The board system emerged in a context when government funded academies were unprecedentedly strengthened， the dean appointment and estate management experienced serious corruption， and there were the lack of government funding and increased private capital; it was shaped in the centralized political system， the imperial examination for official selection， and the gentry governance model in traditional society. The board system of the traditional academy was followed by school board system in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China.