问责制时代美国学校领导发展的变革

The Transformation and Development of American School Leadership in an Era of Accountability

自20世纪90年代以来，美国基础教育改革的重要特征之一就是越来越严格地推行问责制。问责制对美国的学校领导者提出了新的要求和挑战，极大地推动了美国学校领导发展的变革。这些变革主要包括：确立新的学校领导标准；提高入学标准；实施实践性教学策略；建立强有力的实习制度；大力发展在职学习。

Since 1990s, one of the important features of the basic education reform in the United States is the increasingly strict implementation of the accountability system. Accountability put forward new demands and challenges to school leaders of the United States, which greatly promoted the changes and development of school leaders in the United States. These changes include establishing new standards for school leaders; raising their admission standards, the implementation of practical teaching strategies, building strong internship system, supporting and developing learning on the job.