能力考查:PISA命题对高考命题的启示

Competency Assessment：Implications of Item Development in PISA for College Entrance Examination

高考命题近年来已经强调从“知识立意”转变为“能力立意”，但是，由于认识的有待深化和技术手 段的不足，高考的能力考査还没有形成成熟的路径。PISA命题在理念、技术、管理上都有很多值得髙考学习借 鉴之处。首先PISA不仅规定考査内容范围，更是对考查目标和过程给出明确具体的操作性定义，作为命题的 出发点和依据;其次，PISA命题十分强调情境，所有试题都取材于真实的情境，将考査内容和现实生活紧密联 系起来;最后，PISA通过严密的标准和规范使命题脱离个体的经验作坊模式形成了标准化、规范化的流水线作 业模式，确保了题目质量和数量。

The emphasis of item development in the college entrance examination (Gao Kao) has e-volved from knowledge-based to competency-based in recent years. However， due to research and skill shortage， the so called competency assessment is not yet mature. PISA has implications for Gao Kao in item development， managements and even ideology. First of all，each domain to be evaluated is clearly defined in PISA，and assessment objectives and procedures are well spelled out. Secondly，PISA places great significance on context in item development， linking assessment with real-life problem solving. Finally， PISA designs detailed rules and regulations ， and standardizes the procedure so that item development and management is normalized and efficient.