日本職業教育人才培育制度之啟示

The Inspiration of Cultivation of Talent on Japanese Vocational Education System

隨著知識經濟時代來臨，人力資源成為競爭力的重要關鍵，各國遂將人才培育列為重要教育政策，因此，本文以日本職業教育為楔子，以文件分析法探討日本職業教育發展，發現日本職業教育是全面性、計劃性的透過各階段學制之各項制度，推動職業生涯教育的組織架構，整合國內教育資源與職場需求，促進企業經營活絡。臺灣技職教育易流於理論與形式，缺乏學校與產業之密切銜接與合作。本研究整理分析日本職業教育與職業能力開發的現況，歸納重點有（一）推動職業生涯教育，結合產官學制定人力培訓機制；（二）職業教育與訓練之行政主管機關分工明確；（三）日本職業教育強調職場體驗與企業實習外更重視職能開發；（四）落實產學雙元職業生涯教育，兼顧橫向連結職業訓練及人格培育；縱向推動培育具備現代生活力的職業人才。綜合上述，日本職業教育的發展與應用動向可以作為臺灣技職教育參考。

With the global economy being in transition to knowledge economy， human resources have inevitably become a key to a nation's competitiveness in the world and consequently the cultivation of talents has become the utmost task for every education policy maker. This research uses document analysis method to explore the development of Japanese vocational education. The result indicates that the Japanese vocational education is comprehensive in essence with careful planning through step-by-step implementation within the educational system. Its ultimate goal is to establish organizational structures of career education， to coordinate domestic education resources and job market demand and finally in an effort to activate the dynamics of the enterprises. Vocational education in Taiwan is apt to be excellent in theory yet impractical， often resulting in a mere formality. There is only a weak link and coordination between the schools and the industries. This study， after summarizing and analyzing the current status of Japanese vocational education and vocational competence development， has concluded: 1. To promote career education， the integrated efforts from the industries， governments and schools are required to establish a training mechanism. 2. The government authorities need to join forces with each other and yet individually responsible for the administration of vocational education and training. 3. Japanese vocational education needs to emphasize not only the job site experience but also vocational competence development. 4. Strengthen vocational career education by cementing the industries and the academia（dual system and internship）. Focus on capability training crossing disciplines， and on character development. Foster career talents suitable for modern living as a long-term goal. Based on the above， the development and directions of the ＂Japanese vocational education＂ could well be an excellent reference for Taiwan's counterpart.