我國教育制度的社會學分析

A Sociological Analysis of the Chinese Institution of Education

教育制度是一種主要的社會制度。它與其他社會制度如家庭制度、政治制度、經濟制度、宗教制度等,具有密切的關係;同時,它也有其獨特的功能及相當程度的自主性。從社會學觀點分析教育制度,可從兩方面進行:一是論教育制度與其他社會制度的關係,藉以了解教育制度在社會結構中的地位及其應有的調適方向;二是論教育制度本身的功能、結構、與性質,藉以了解教育如何有效發揮其功能。筆者在另一篇論文中,已經分析了前一主題(註一),本文的主旨在於申論後一主題。以下分別就教育制度的社會體系、學校社會組織、課程與教學方法的社會基礎、及學校系統的社會意義等方面,分析我國目前教育制度的性質及利弊得失,並提示未來我國教育制度應有的發展方向。

The institution of education is one of the main social institutions. This paper analyzes the Chinese institution of education from the sociological point of view. Specific considerations are given to social functions of the institution of education, the school class as a social system, the school as a complex formal organization, the social foundation of curriculum and pedagogy, and the structure of contemporary school system.
Discussing the functions of cultural transmission, the formation of social personalities, and social integration, the first part of this paper suggests that the Chinese institution of education should lay emphasis on cultural innovation, the selection and allocation of manpower, and the importance of education of social ideals. In the second part, the examination of education of social ideals. In the second part, the examination of the school class as a social system leads to the conclusion that the socialization function of selection is inadequate;that the status authority of the teacher should be replaced by the professional authority. In the third part, problems in bureaucracy, the teacher roles, the balance of goal achievement and group maintenance, the identification between the teacher and the taught, school culture, and the organization of learning are thoroughly discussed. The fourth part is devoted to the analysis of the sociology of educational knowledge concerned with the Chinese institution of education. In the fifth part, social meanings of trends in compulsory education, technical and vocational education, higher education, and teacher education are examined respectively.
Facts in the institution of education reflect the past social needs;and the reform of the institution of education should be guided by the social ideals. Educators have a vital role to play in the integration of the past social needs, the contemporary institution of education, and the future social ideals. Based on this theoretical framework, the paper suggests ways of future educational development in the conclusion.