发现创客:新工业革命视野下的教育新生态

Cultivating Makers: Educational Ecosystem in the View of New Industrial Revolution

新工业革命催生了个体制造时代，创客登上了历史舞台;数字技术的发展降低了创新的准入门槛，推动了众创时代的民主化创新，创客发展迎来历史机遇。创客运动为创客的先声，激发个体自造者的创新活力;创客精神是其内核，融入DIY、创新、自组织、互联网+四大基因;创客空间是载体，支持开源共享、协作共创和跨界创新，养成追求创变、乐于分享、善用工具和融合玩学的创客行为特质;创客文化是其给养，通过持续不断的涵化和濡化，使之成为一种主流的、引领创新创业的众创文化。构建融合全人发展的创客教育新生态，可以清晰地描述创客要素整合于教育系统的基本框架，从资源开放、课程重构和知识创造嵌入，通过创客增强教学、创客融合课程、创客变革学习三个层次递进，提升学习者的DIY、跨学科素养和自造者知识与能力，培养一批具有创新创意创业意识与能力的创客群体，培植众创时代的创客教育新文化，为“大众创业、万众创新冶提供支持。

As the new industrial revolution gave birth to the era of individual manufacturing， there are more and more makers of various types. The development of digital technology has reduced the access threshold for innovation and promoted the democratization of innovation， which introduce opportunities for maker movement. As a harbinger， maker movement stimulates individual makers爷creativity and integrates the spirit of the makers with four elements， DIY， innovation， self-organization， and the Internet. Makerspace is a carrier which supports open sharing， co-creation and cross-border innovation. The makers typically have the following behavior characteristics: constant pursuit of creating changes， willing to share， making good use of tools， and integrating play with learning. Through the process of acculturation and enculturation， the making culture has become a mainstream leading innovation and entrepreneurship. To establish a new ecosystem of making education， we need to clearly describe the framework that integrates making elements into education system. The framework should be able to embed opening resources， curriculum reconstruction， and knowledge innovation， and have three progressive levels of makers-enhanced instruction， makers-infused courses， makers-centered learning to enhance learners' DIY (T)， cross-literacy and makers knowledge and skills. The ultimate goal of the framework is to cultivate a group of makers with innovative entrepreneurial consciousness and abilities， as well as to develop a new culture of making education， so as to provide the source and stream of entrepreneurship and innovation for mass entrepreneurship and crowning innovation.