民國初年小學國語課本的實用主義傾向——以黎錦暉編寫版本為主要分析對象

Tendencies Toward Pragmatism in Elementary Mandarin Textbooks in the Early Years of the ROC: Analysis Carried out Primarily on Li Jing-Hwi’s Versions

實用主義曾在上世紀初前後，深刻影響中國。發展自本土，承續洋務運動素樸的致用思維，與來自美國以普爾士、詹姆士、杜威為代表的實用主義思想是主要影響來源。除了表現在思想面外，中國現代教育是受到此一思維影響最深的地方。黎錦暉所編寫的國語課本，即帶著明顯的實用主義傾向。本文以在中國現代文化史有著重要地位的黎錦暉主編之小學國語課本為主要分析對象，除了先說明實用主義相關思想要點與在中國產生的影響外，將從課本文體設計、內容選材、敘述方法等，說明課文內容受實用主義影響之處。結論也將說明，雖然實用主義曾因政治因素，遭受許多批判，但其中著重效用、重視經驗、以兒童生活經驗本位的理念，仍值得做為今日相關教材設計之鑑，黎錦暉的國語課本即是其中一例。

Pragmatism profoundly affected China at the beginning of the last century. It was primarily influenced by developments in China, the utilization of technologies from the West, and the Pragmatism represented by Peirce, James, and Dewey of the United States. In addition to the ideological aspects, China’s modern education has been heavily influenced by Pragmatism. Mandarin textbooks edited by Li Jing-Hwi show obvious influence from Pragmatism. This paper discusses Mandarin textbooks edited by Li Jing-Hwi who had an important position in China’s modern cultural history. First, it explains the highlights of Pragmatism and its impact on China. It discusses stylistic design, content selection, narrative method, and other areas of textbooks to show how textbooks were influenced by Pragmatism. The conclusion explains that although Pragmatism has been criticized because of political factors, its focus on effectiveness, experience, and child-centered and life-centered concepts, are a good direction for educational materials today. The Mandarin textbooks edited by Li Jing-Hwi are good examples of this.