从离身走向具身:创造学习的新文化

From Disembodiment to Embodiment: Creating a New Culture of Learning

几百年来，笛卡尔理性主义知识观塑造了一种离身的学习文化，这种文化在教育和学习方面产生了一系列负面后果。数字时代正在催生一种具身的学习文化，试图修正“笛卡尔的错误冶。本文基于既有文献，在对具身型学习文化之内涵进行解读的基础上，提出这种具身型学习文化的创建，需要把以“概念化冶、“重置冶和“构造冶为关键词的认知的具身观点作为心理学基础，以具身的技术构造双向建构的学习环境，并确立具身的课程观、教学观与学习观。唯有如此，才能打造一个人与技术和谐共处的数字时代之诗意栖居的教育世界。

During the past centuries， a dominant culture of learning which is disembodied has been shaped by the Cartesian view of knowledge. In the eyes of Cartesians， the knowledge is a substance outside of the people and is developed through the metaphor of I think， therefore I am. This kind of view of knowledge cultivated a disembodied culture of learning， which concentrates on the knowledge delivery in education and develops the metaphor of instructionism in practice. The authors argue that this kind of disembodied culture of learning brought about many negative consequences and made the learning boring. In the digital age， an alternative culture of learning characterized as embodied is emerging and attempts to overcome the Descartes爷error. For the embodied culture of learning， there are many essential elements， including the ubiquitous information networks， the structured and flexible learning environments， which will reinvent the practice of learning， such as， hanging out， playing， gaming， imagination and so on. In this article， based on the literatures， the authors explore the conceptions of embodied culture of learning and propose the strategies to cultivate it. They argue that this new culture of learning should be established on embodied cognition， which provide three critical concepts as the psychological foundations， including conceptualization， replacement and constitution. Conceptualization means that the concepts an organism can acquire are determined， limited， or constrained by the properties of the organism's body. Replacement means that the dynamics of an organism's bodily interaction with the environment replaces the need for representational processing. Constitution means constituents of cognition extend beyond the brain， so the body or world does not play a mere causal role in cognitive processes. From the perspective of embodied cognition， the process of learning is not an information processing mechanism but regarded as a continuous interaction among body， mind and the environments. To building an embodied culture of learning， the authors propose that it爷s necessary to develop a new learning environment through embodied technology. Donald Ihde proposes a framework for us to explore the embodied relationship between the people and the technology. In embodiment relations， the embodied technology serves as a transparent means through which one perceives one爷s environment rather than an object of perception. In this case， an embodied technology becomes a technology that is incorporated into one's body schema， which implies that it becomes part of one 's bodily space. Through the embodied technology， an alternative embodied learning environment can be developed for the digital natives. This embodied learning environment is characterized as the mutual interactions between people and environment. The learners learn from the environment and the environment grow through the development of people. In this way， a new relationship between the learners and the environment could be developed and a new culture could be cultivated. In order to build a new embodied culture of learning， besides the support of embodied environment， the authors argue that we also need to make curriculum， teaching， and learning embodied in practice. An embodied curriculum introduces the implicit knowledge and experiences into the curriculum and make the learning content situated in real life. The embodied teaching is about being acutely aware of your audience and makes the learning back to the real world. And the embodied learning makes learning contextualized， body enacted， and perceptive which is based on the body. If we could make curriculum， teaching and learning embodied in practice， a new world for education where people dance with technology could be made real and a new culture of learning could be developed.