基础教育捐赠的三种类型及其对教育改革与发展的支持

Three Types of Basic Education Donation and T heir Supportive Roles in Educational Reform and Development

从捐赠供给的角度来分类，目前基础教育捐赠有交易型、同情型、回报型三种类型。交易型捐赠慈善性质模糊且稳定性差，不利于促进基础教育公平；同情型捐赠随机性强且用途单一，不利于促进捐赠资源有效利用；回报型捐赠主观臆断性强且范围狭窄，不利于基础教育捐赠募集。这导致了目前基础教育捐赠总量不足，难以形成对教育经费的有效补充；U形特征明显，尚未起到促进教育资源均衡配置的作用；有效利用不足，造成部分捐赠未能发挥最大化作用。促进基础教育捐赠对教育改革与发展的支持，从捐赠需求角度需要加强基础教育捐赠需求方与供给方之间的互动，形成新的评价制度和激励机制、共享的价值体系、以信任为基础的强联系和有利于捐赠募集的社会网络来优化基础教育捐赠募集。

Currently， there are three types of basic education donation， including transaction type， compassion type and return type in terms of donation sources. The transaction type is obscure in its nature and has poor stability， which is not conducive to basic education equity; the compassion type is random and can only be used for special purpose， which does not allow the effective use of the donated resources; the return type is based on subjective assumption and is of narrow range， which is a disadvantage for raising donations. This leads to the insufficiency of basic education donation in total and the difficulty in supplementing educational funding effectively; the U-shaped feature is obvious， which means the donation has failed to promote the balanced allocation of educational resources; and the inefficient use of the donation results in the failure in maximizing the effect. In order to promote educational reform and development， from the angle of donation needs， it is necessary to strengthen the interaction between those who need do- nation and those who donate in order to form the new evaluation system and incentive mechanism， the shared value system， the strong relationship on the basis of trust and the beneficial social network to optimize the raising of donation in basic education.