转型中的中国学术职业：制度分析视角

China's Academic Profession in Transition from the Perspective of Institutional Analysis

选择中国学术职业作为研究对象，从制度理论的视角出发，采取历史分析方法，探讨中国社会制度下学术职业的特征，以及改革开放以来学术职业的变化。通过分析发现：（1）公立高校和民办高校分别具有事业单位和「民办非企业」的法人属性。随之，公立高校教师和民办高校教师分别享受事业单位成员和「民办非企业」单位成员的福利待遇，前者明显地高于后者，阻碍了人员在两种不同组织之间的流动；（2）改革开放三十年，高校人事制度发生了显著变化。在人员聘用方面，逐渐从过去的「身份管理」向「岗位管理」转变。在工资分配制度方面，将工资收入与工作绩效挂钩，扩大绩效工资在收入中所占的比例；（3）高校组织形态由过去受政府控制较多的「单位」逐渐向具有办学自主权的「组织」转变，学术职业也从「单位人」转向「社会人」。

China’s academic profession is chosen as an object for this study. The features of academic profession under the context of China’s social institutions and its changing since the reform and opening up are explored by employing institutional theory and historical analysis approach. Major findings are as following : firstly， public and privatehigher education institutions are categorized as different legal identities， “ public institution”and“private non-business institution”respectively. Consequently， teachers from the two different kinds of institutions enjoy different kinds of social welfare. Thisleads to t he obviously favorable conditions for the former and hinders the staff mobility between different institutions ; secondly， personnel system has changed significantly since thirty years ago when reform and opening-up policy was initiated. In the aspect of faculty hiring， there has been a shift from“ identity management ” to “ position management”; in the aspect of allocation system of payment， performance has beencorrelated to the salary level and the payment for performance accounts for a bigger proportion of t he whole salary ; lastly， China’s higher education institutions have been evolving from government-oriented unit to self-directed educational organization.Accordingly， academic professional has been evolving from“unit person”to“social person”