幼兒學習環境的建構和設計原則

Constructing and Designing Principles for Children’s Learning Environment

幼兒是我們的未來希望與責任，提供幼兒發展上適切的學習環境至為重要。幼兒學習環境係為達成幼兒教育目標而設立的學習活動場所。就狹義而言，僅指幼兒園內作為一般學習用的「活動室」；就廣義而言，則涵蓋幼兒園內所有室內外學習活動設施，包括園舍、園庭、運動遊戲場及其附屬設施。學習環境設計係以教育理念、學校環境和建築條件為基礎，以人、空間、時間和經費為基本向度，使室內學習環境、室外學習環境、大人區與附屬設施的配置能整體連貫之歷程。基本上，幼兒學習環境是一種潛在課程，也是顯著課程，對幼兒的學習、成長與發展，有直接、間接的影響。學習環境的建構，應提供吸引幼兒主動探索的情境，建構主動學習環境的要素，包括符應幼兒的發展、適宜的班級人數、幼兒中心的課程、學習者中心教室和近便的空間設備。學習環境的設計，應考慮冷硬—柔和、開放—封閉、簡單—複雜、干預—隱退和低活動性—高活動性五個向度，或可簡易思考以幼兒活動的動靜態和乾濕性（不用水和用水）二個向度，作為幼兒學習環境設計與布置的依據，甚具實用參考價值。幼兒學習環境的設計，應掌握教育性、探索性、多樣性、可變性、舒適性、安全性及參與性等七項原則，方能為21世紀的新主人翁，建構出豐富、有趣、多樣、變化、安全、舒適，且具有探索性的教育環境。

Our children are our hope for the future and our responsibility. It’s essential we provide them with developmentally appropriate learning environment.Children’s learning environment is a place set for achieving children’s education goals. Narrowly defined， learning environment is a “activity room” for regular learning in a kindergarten; broadly defined， it consists of all indoor and outdoor learning facilities， including buildings， gardens oryards， playgrounds and facilities. Based on educational concept， school environment and architectural conditions， directed by human， space， time and fund， learning environment design is a process in which indoor environment， outdoor environment， adult area and facilities can be incorporated as a whole.Basically， learning environment implies hidden curriculum， and overt curriculum as well， influencing children’s learning， directly and indirectly. To construct learning environment， we should provide children with a situation to actively discover; we should set up the elements of active learning environment， including correspondence to children’s development， appropriate class size， child-centered curriculum， learner-centered classroom and accessible equipment. Five dimensions can be taken into account when designing learning environment， that is， hard-soft， open-closed， simple-complex， intrusion-seclusion， and low mobility-high mobility. Furthermore， we can simplify the learning environment by two dimensions-active-quiet and dry-wet. As a basis for designing and arranging learning environment， this division is quite practical.Meanwhile， seven principles should be highlighted when designing environment-education， exploration， variation， change ableness， well-being， safety and participation—to assure the new generation in 21st century of rich， interesting， various， changeable， safe， comfortable and exploratory education environment.