學前兒童華語聲母之音韻歷程分析

The Phonological Processes of Syllable-Initial Consonants Spoken by the Preschool Children of Mandarin Chinese

學前兒童產生的語音錯誤中有常有一些共有的型態或特徵性，音韻歷程的分析即是分析歸納個體產生的語音錯誤中語音改變的型態或規則。本研究的目的在調查學前說華語兒童和音韻異常兒童常見的語音錯誤之音韻歷程。本研究包含兩個研究，研究一分析326位二歲半歲至六歲學前兒童的詞語念名音誤之音韻歷程，比較六個年齡組（二歲半歲、三歲、三歲半、四歲、五歲、六歲）音誤中各音韻歷程的出現率和次數。結果發現學前兒童出現最多的音韻歷程依次為不捲舌化、後置化、塞音化、塞擦音化和不送氣化。各音韻歷程出現率在整體上呈現隨著年齡組的年齡增加有逐漸下降的趨勢，其中以後置化、塞音化、塞擦音化和不送氣化，這四種音韻歷程的出現率降低的幅度最大。研究二分析55位語音異常兒童的語音樣本，歸納其音誤中音韻歷程的種類和次數。和研究一的結果相較，語音異常兒童的語音中有顯著較多的音韻歷程次數和種類。然而語音異常兒童的音韻歷程種類和出現率排行型態和研究一同年齡的普通兒童樣本則頗為相近，顯示兩群體的差異主要是在音韻歷程數量方面，語音異常兒童尚未完成音韻歷程的抑制，具有語音發展遲緩的徵兆。使用各歷程出現個數和歷程種類數做為預測變項，進行語音異常和發展正常兒童的區別分析，結果顯示這些預測變項可將這些兒童做正確地區分，區分正確率達83.4％。

A lot of research works about phonological processes have been done for English speaking children, but none for Mandarin speaking children. The aim of this research was to investigate the phonological processes in the speech of Mandarin speaking children and children with speech disorders. It was comprised of two studies. The Study 1 was to analyze the phonological processes in the speech errors of 326 children with age ranging from 2.5 to 6 years old. There were six age groups for children with 2.5-, 3-, 3.5-, 4-, 5-, and 6-year- old. The incidence and frequency of phonological processes for the six age groups were compared. The results showed that for these preschool children, the most frequent phonological processes were deretroflexion, backing, stopping, affricating, and deaspiration, with descending order respectively. As the age of groups increased, the incidence and frequency of phonological processes were significantly decreased. There were four phonological processes showed apparently suppressed: backing, stopping, affricating, and deaspiration in the groups of older ages(4-, 5- and 6-year-old). In the Study 2, the speech errors of 55 children with speech sound disorders were analyzed, and their frequency and types of phonological processes were compared with those of the normal children with the same age(5- and 6-year-old) in the Study 1. There were significantly differences between speech disorder group and the normal group in the frequency and the number of types in phonological processes; however, the types and the patterns of the incidence of the phonological processes were pretty similar. It suggests that the differences between the two groups were mostly in the quantitative aspect. Most children in the speech disorder group showed signs of speech developmental delay in the pattern of phonological process. With the frequency and the type numbers of phonological process as the predictive variables, the discriminant analysis showed that 83.4% of the original grouped cases were correctly classified. These results can provide information as developmental norm of phonological processes for preschool children as well as the children with speech sound disorders.