中文讀寫能力低落兒童唸名速度、聲韻處理及處理速度困難之研究

The Processing Speed Deficit of Children with Low Chinese Character Recognition and Spelling Abilities

本研究目的在探討小學二、三年級識字和聽寫能力低落學童的認知缺陷，希望了解除了過去文獻中所探討的聲韻處理與唸名速度之困難以外，是否還有處理速度落後的問題。研究對象取自台北市兩所市區小學的二、三年級，兩個年級各四班，共223名學生，其中二年級109人，三年級114人，依學生在識字及聽寫測驗上的表現，分為識字正常（104人）與識字低落組（35人），以及聽寫正常（144人）與聽寫低落組（21人），分別進行比較。研究結果發現：識字表現低落的兒童，在符號替代、聲調處理能力、以及各項唸名速度顯著低於識字表現一般的兒童；而聽寫表現低落的兒童，則在聲韻處理、唸名速度、及處理速度的總分及各分測驗均顯著低於聽寫表現一般的兒童。迴歸分析結果顯示處理速度對中文聽寫有獨立於聲韻處理和唸名速度的解釋力，但對中文識字則幾乎沒有獨立的解釋力。此外，對中文識字最顯著的預測變項只有聲韻處理，而處理速度、聲韻處理和唸名速度對中文聽寫都有獨立而顯著的解釋力。最後也對未來的研究提出建議。

The purpose of this research is to investigate except Rapid Automatic Naming (RAN) and Phonological Awareness (PA) whether there is a deficit on processing speed in children with low Chinese character recognition or spelling ability. This study compared children with low abilities on Chinese character recognition or spelling with normal children. The subjects included 223 elementary school students, 109 from second grade, 114 from third grade, four classes in each grade. According to the performance on character recognition and spelling, the subjects were divided into four groups: poor character recognition (35), normal character recognition (104), poor spelling(21) and normal spelling(144). Based on t-test analysis, the results indicated that children with low character recognition ability performed significantly poorer on coding, tone and all RAN tests than normal children, and children with low character spelling ability performed significantly poorer on all processing speed, RAN and PA tests. Besides, the regression analysis showed that when the effects of PA and RAN are removed, the processing speed still contribute significantly to Chinese spelling scores; however, the processing speed make nearly zero contribution to Chinese character recognition when the effects of PA and RAN are removed. The best predictor of Chinese character recognition is PA. While the processing speed, PA and RAN make significant and independent contribution to Chinese character spelling. The limitations of this research and the suggestions for future research are also discussed.