〈離騷〉、〈天問〉之神話類型與人神關係析論

Far-off Journey and Heavenly Questions the myth type analyzes theory and Person God thought

中國古代神話在先秦時代的「詩經」中即有記載，例如「詩經」的〈大雅‧生民〉、〈商頌‧玄鳥〉中已有關於人類的誕生與氏族的起源等相關神話，延伸發展至「楚辭」中的〈離騷〉、〈天問〉等篇章更加豐富中國神話內容的創作與其表現的思維。探究神話的產生與創作的起源和人類歷史發展的關係實為密切，以文學起源與發展的觀點來看，神話不只是先民文學的雛形，甚至亦成為其後世思想與藝術創作的重要取材泉源。從「詩經」當中關於神話零星的記錄篇章進而發展到「楚辭」為較完整的文章脈絡窺之，其神話當中觸及的歸類，不只可發現中國古代有關宗教信仰、祭祀儀禮等的轉變與演化，「楚辭」文學作品裡所反映的「人神」關係對於中國思想之文化意義，與對後世影響亦極為深遠，本文將以「楚辭」的〈離騷〉、〈天問〉為研究對象進而探究「楚辭」中神話之類型歸類與人神關係探討。

Chinese ancient myths were recorded in The Book of Songs even before the Qin Dynasty. For example, some myths about the beginning of humankind and the origins of clans were written down in Major Odes of the Kingdom．Sheng Min, Sacrificial Odes of Shang．Xuan Niao, and Major Odes of the Kingdom．Wen Wang, to name just a few. These myths were further developed in On Encountering Trouble, Heavenly Questions, Far-off Journey, Nine Songs, and Nine Pieces of The Songs of Chu, among others. These poems enrich the literary canon as well as develop religious thought on Chinese ancient myths. There is an affinity between the investigation of the birth of myths, the origin of literature and the development of human history. Focusing on the origin and development of literature, we can see that myths are not only a very seed of ancient literature itself, but a significant source of ideology and art creation. Although Chinese ancient myths were fragmentary in The Book of Songs, they had developed into complete articles by the time of The Songs of Chu, in which we can begin to see the relationships among “Heaven, Human, and Shen.” We find out about not only the transition and evolution of religion, but also the sacrificial customs of the Ancient Chinese. Beliefs about heaven, humankind, and Shen which are realized in The Book of Songs and The Songs of Chu have had a great impact on Chinese culture and thought through the ages. This thesis uses Sheng Min and Sacrificial Odes of Shang．Xuan Niao of The Book of Songs; and and Heavenly Questions of The Songs of Chu as the major sources in an investigation upon the relationships among “Heaven, Humans, and Shen” in Chinese ancient myths.