从校企合作到学习场所合作———德国职业教育研究和实践的新发展

From School-Enterprise Cooperation to Cooperation between Learning Venues ———the New Development of Vocational Research and Practice in Germany

20世纪60年代至今，德国开展了深入的学习场所合作研究，形成了独具特色的合作模式，呈现出理论实践一体化，合作场所多元化的特点。大量研究成果为学习场所高效合作提供了理论和实证支撑。当前学习场所合作的主要问题是合作走入固化困境，表现出信息阻滞、相互误解、互不信任、掩饰冲突和搁置合作等现象。学习场所合作困境的突围举措包括：制度保障合作框架的正常运行，建立并维护有效的交流网络，通过合作事务拓展场所发展，提高参与者的积极认知并强化学生自我管理能力。

Since 1960 the cooperation between learning venues has been well studied in Germany and unique cooperation types are formed. A large amount of research achievements provide theoretical and practical support for effective cooperation. The major problems that faced by German cooperation between learning venues is that the participants walk into curing cooperation dilemma， which shows the phenomenon such as information block， misunderstanding，mutual distrust，mask conflicts and negative cooperation. The main countermeasures against the dilemma include ensuring the operation of cooperation framework，establishing and maintaining effective communication network，expanding the development of cooperative venues，improving the enthusiasm of the participants and strengthening self-management of the students.