1952年院系调整再解读

Re-interpretation of Adjustment of Colleges and Departments in 1952

今天,学术界对发生于1952年的院系调整的评价存在很大分歧。肯定者鉴于它在短时间内培养了大量专业人才,为国家的科技和经济发展做出了明显贡献,遂认为它是基本成功的;否定者则以其中断了中国官学与私学并行的古老大学传统,并走向了狭隘的专业化道路,认为从长远来看它是得不偿失的。这种分歧,从学术立场来看,反映的是中国学术场域中社会科学家和人文学者的分野。应该看到,大学既是知识生产、专业人才培养基地,又是一个文化传承和创造实体,因而应兼顾短期效果与长远效应。但这只是我们的后见之明。60年前的那场改革,面临的历史情势是:民生凋敝、百废待兴,中西方冲突十分剧烈,新生的共和国面临生死考验。在这种历史情势下,看重短期效果也有其不得不然的历史逻辑。如今我们研究那段历史,不能简单地用现在否定过去,而应在今昔对照中准确把握我们的发展方向。中国的高等教育发展到今天,其改革已能够也应该在科技与人文、短期效果与长远效应的平衡中从容前行。

Currently,there are great divergences in the evaluation of the Adjustment of Colleges and Departments which took place in 1952.These holding affirmative views consider the reform is basically successful,because it made a significant contribution to the development of science and technology and economy in the nation by training a large number of professionals in a short time.The dissenting scholars believe that the loss caused by the reform outweigh the gain in the long term,because it interrupts the tradition that government-funded universities coexisted with private universities,and led towards the narrow professional path.These divergences reflect the different views of social scientists and humanities scholars in the academic field.It should be noted that university is not only an base for knowledge production and professional personnel training,but also an entity for cultural inheritance and creation.Therefore,the reform should have concerned both the short-term and long-term effects.But this is just a hindsight.60 years ago,the reform faced a historical situation of mass impoverishment,violent conflict between China and the West,and the vital challenge faced by the newly funded nation.In this historical situation,paying attention to short-term effects was inevitable and reasonable.Therefore,the study of the history should not simply deny the past based on the current situation,but should precisely grasp the future direction of development in the comparison of the past and the present.Nowadays,the reform of high education in China should be able to proceed with the balance between humanity and technology and that between the short-term and long-term effects.