王国维、蔡元培等人对德系资源的比较接受及其相关教育理想

A Comparison of the Acceptance of German Resources By Wang Guo-wei and Cai Yuan-pei,the First Generation Elites in Modern China and the Represented Educational Ideals

1870年前后生人一代的原生代知识精英中的代表人物的共通之处,是留日的王国维与留欧的蔡元培对作为瑞士文化代表的裴斯泰洛奇教育思想的接受。他们对康德、包尔生的共同关注,可凸显出他们共享的德系资源背景。但两者又有不同,王国维对歌德、席勒、裴斯泰洛奇的接受路径区别,凸显出那代学人在面对西潮东来时的教育学意识与元命题辨识能力,他对裴斯泰洛奇的教育思想与成长小说的双重关注,更显示出其不俗的艺术鉴赏力和启蒙情怀的良好结合。相比较中国传统的有教无类概念,教育作为一种独立的学术概念,在西方有其独立的学术传统。蔡元培作为留欧学人之代表之接受德系教育资源,初则在意赫尔巴特、福禄培尔等更具有制度建设功用的思想者,后则对包尔生代表的德国大学观和伦理思想发生浓厚兴趣,而对裴斯泰洛奇这样的人物却甚少提及。之所以做出这样的选择,既与其学术兴趣点有关,也与其职业生涯相关。

This article examined the acceptance of the educational ideas of Pestalozzi,the representative of Swiss culture,by Wang Guo-wei and Cai Yuan-pei,the two representative figures of the first generation intellectual elites born around 1870.Wang studied in Japan and Cai in Europe.Their shared concern for Kant and Paulsen shows their shared background of German resources.However,they also show differences.Wang's way of accepting Kant,Schiller and Pestalozzi reveals the educational awareness and meta-topic recognition ability of the scholars of that generation when western ideas came into China.His double concern for Pestalozzi's educational ideas and growing-up fiction further show a good combination of his distinctive artistic taste and enlightenment feeling.In comparison with the concept" unbiased education" in Chinese tradition,western education as an independent academic term,is characteristic of its independent academic tradition.As a representative of Chinese scholars studying in Europe,Cai's accepting German educational resources was first found in his care for scholars like Herbart,Froebel who asserted more for institutional function,and later in his great interest in the view of German university and ethical ideas represented by Paulsen.But he seldom mentioned such figures as Pestalozzi.The reason for such a choice had something to do with his academic interest and career.