臺東地區莫拉克颱風受災原住民部落國治理實力之探討   免費試閱

Study of Governance Capacity of Indigenous Tribal Nations after Typhoon Morakot in Taitung, Taiwan

發生在2009 年8 月8 日的莫拉克颱風對臺灣東南部的原住民社區造成嚴重傷害。這些社區來自國家文明勢力未侵入前即具有人民、領域、主權的部落國，在二十世紀歷經日本與中華民國統治而被遷移下山與殖民同化。經過救災、清理家園與災難過渡儀式後，行政院文化建設委員會（2012 年5 月20 日升格為「文化部」）自2010 年5 月至2012 年6 月間，透過中華民國社區營造學會與臺東縣南島社區大學發展協會推動這些受災區的社區營造工作，包括補助1 名月薪資2 萬元的專職社區營造員和約每年20 萬元的業務費共三個年度，推動社區工作組織，建構部落地圖、傳統領域、族譜、遷移史及其他文化調查，社區營造員約每兩週在某一社區或其他地點舉行例會，分享部落國重建的甘苦與討論，以達同儕學習成效。行政院國家科學委員會於2010 年8 月支持國立臺東大學進行部落重建的參與式行動研究，觀察行政院文化部社區組織重建的各個會議與探討這些原住民部落國的治理實力。
研究者基於聯合國《原住民權利宣言》與原住民與社區保育區組織（Indigenous and Community Conserved Area, ICCA）所大力推動的原住民治理（governance）概念，並參考澳洲近十多年來在強化原住民治理實力的論述，評估這些部落國在文化部2 年培力期間是否強化治理實力。由六個部落國遷移形成的嘉蘭村，各部落已辦理重返領域的尋根活動，但仍無自己所屬的部落會議與社團法人，還未正式邁向部落國治理。由四個部落國合併形成的Patchaval（大鳥）部落國已建構文化、教育及產業執行團隊，但與村辦公室、部落會議及社區協會間尚未形成治理夥伴。Kanabi（甘那壁）部落國完成部落地圖，但仍未組成工作團隊、部落會議或社團法人等。Tjacuku（大竹）部落仍對部落國治理不感興趣。Djaqup（愛國埔）與Tokuvulj（古木）部落國則在其他社團代理執行社區營造下，在治理方面亦無進展。研究者認為，原住民邁向部落國治理是非常艱鉅的事務，建議行政院原住民族委員會與其他政府相關單位大力支持部落國治理政策。

Typhoon Morakot on August 8, 2009 had seriously damaged many indigenous villages which were moved from Japanese and Chinese government to lowland area, then colonized and assimilated from 1930-1970s in Taitung, south-eastern Taiwan. The Council for Culture Affair of Taiwan entrusted a project to the Community Empowering Society and Austronesian Community College for culture investigation and building governance organization. Every village from July 2010 to June 2012 has a full-time staff member and about 10 thousand American dollars every year for operating during this period. And the National Science Council supported National Taitung University to underground an integrated project of participatory action research with these indigenous communities from August 2010.
The author who is an honor member of consortium of Indigenous and Community Conserved Area (ICCA) based on UN declaration on the Rights of indigenous people and reviewed the related thesis from Australia, discussed the governance capacity of these tribal nations which used to own their sovereignty, people and territory before the modern government. After empowering for two years, the six tribal nations of Kaaluan village all returned their past village for worshipping ancestors, but did not form their governance platform or legal social group yet. The Patchaval village which was merged from four tribal nations had diligently formed culture, education, and industry team, but was still lack of governance platform for internal contradiction. The tribal nations of Tjacuku, Kanabi, Djaqup and Tokuvulj did not improve governance capacity very much, mainly because the leaders of executive society were lack of interest about governance. At last, the author suggests strengthening the governance capacity of tribal nations is a very hard and urgent work, the Taiwan government should support vigorously.