日本义务教育校车制度及其运营管理方式

School Bus System and Operation Methods in Compulsory Education in Japan

日本校车制度是为了保障义务教育就学条件和儿童的人身安全、提高边远偏僻地区学校教育质量、实现儿童受教育机会均等这一基本理念而产生和发展的。日本的《偏僻地区教育振兴法》等法律明确规定了何种条件下必须提供校车或其他交通工具,规定了中央政府和地方政府经费的分担比例。依据《地方交付税法》,地方政府可以获得校车运营管理经费的返还。专用校车运营的方式多样,主要有地方政府直接运营管理的"直营型"、委托民间企业管理的"委托型"、家长委员会等组织接受政府资助的"运营支援型"和不接受政府资助的"独立核算型"。

Japanese school bus system are based on the idea to guarantee the schooling conditions of compulsory education and children's safety,to improve the education quality of the schools in remote areas,and realize children's equal rights to education. Japanese laws,such as the Law of Promoting Education in Remote Areas,Local Allocation Tax Law,specified the conditions and the funding share between the central government and local government,etc. There are several operation types of school bus in Japan,the"Direct Type"is run by the local government directly,the"Delegate Type"is managed by delegated private company,the"Support Type"is managed by some organizations (the parents committee,etc.)and sponsored by the local government,and the"Independent Accounting Type"is run by the organizations without governmental funding support.