親職壓力、社會支持與生活品質之關係研究：身心障礙者家長與普通家長之比較

Relationships among Parenting Stress, Social Support,and Quality of Life: Comparisons of Parents of People

有鑑於親職壓力與社會支持皆是影響身心障礙者家長與普通家長生活品質的重要因子，本研究乃結合後設分析、路徑分析與聯合t 檢定等方法，探討與比較兩組家長在親職壓力、社會支持與生活品質之間的關係。研究結果發現，兩組家長的親職壓力與社會支持間有負相關，親職壓力與生活品質間有負相關，社會支持與生活品質間則是正相關；兩組家長的親職壓力不僅均對生活品質產生直接負向效果，也會透過社會支持對生活品質產生間接負向效果；而且儘管兩組家長在親職壓力對社會支持的負向效果差不多，身心障礙者家長在社會支持對生活品質的正向效果及親職壓力對生活品質的負向效果等卻不及普通家長。綜上所述，本研究建議未來宜持續發展與實施能有效減緩家長親職壓力及增進社會支持品質的具體方案，以利提升家長的生活品質。也由於身心障礙者家長的親職壓力與社會支持對生活品質的預測效果並不高，建議未來研究應持續探討其他預測因子，以利擴充家長生活品質的理論基礎。

Purpose: Parenting stress and social support are essential factors that influence quality of life (QOL). This study examines and presents a comparison of the relationships among parenting stress, social support, and the QOL of parents of people with and without disabilities in Taiwan. Methods: I used 35 studies that examined parents of people with disabilities and 18 studies that examined parents of people without disabilities from 1987 to 2011. Thereafter, methods of meta-analysis, path analysis, and t test were applied. Findings:The meta-analyses indicated that the correlation coefficient between parenting stress and social support was -.25 (k = 22, N = 2,478), the correlation coefficient between parenting stress and QOL was -.37 (k = 24, N = 2,746), and the correlation coefficient between social support and QOL was .34 (k = 15, N = 1,276) among parents of people with disabilities. Among parents of people without disabilities, the correlation coefficient between parenting stress and social support was -.25 (k = 9, N = 2,830), the correlation coefficient between parenting stress and QOL was -.45 (k = 8, N = 3,966), and the correlation coefficient between social support and QOL was .49 (k = 5, N = 969). Moreover, parenting stress had direct negative effects on social support (γ = -.25) and QOL (γ = -.30),but social support had direct positive effects on QOL (β = .26) among parents of people with disabilities. Among parents of people without disabilities, parenting stress had direct negative effects on social support (γ = -.25) and QOL (γ = -.35), but social support had direct positive effects on QOL (β = .40). Examination of the structural equation modeling (SEM) of the 2 groups indicated that the path coefficients of parenting stress on social support were equal. However, the path coefficients of social support on QOL and parenting stress on the QOL of parents of people with disabilities were significantly smaller than those of the other group. Conclusions/Implications: Researchers and policymakers were advised to reduce parents’ parenting stress and raise their social support to improve their QOL because they had significant influences. However, parenting stress and social support only explained 20% of variance of QOL on parents of people with disabilities; thus, exploring other predictors to improve QOL theories regarding parents was beneficial.