大学章程起源与演进的考察

Investigation on the Origin and Evolution of the Statute of University

从制度经济学的视角看,宗教、大学和专门研究机构是文化演进中相继出现的知识整理制度。大学起源于欧洲中世纪的学生社团和教师社团,大学章程起源于最高宗教机构、世俗王权或代议机构颁发的特许状。对中世纪以来欧洲、美国的大学章程的考察表明,大学章程与行会组织的自我权利保护有关,同时也呈现中世纪以来宗教权力与世俗权力在宣示权力和寻求自己的专门人才培养中的冲突与妥协。从大学本身而言,演变中的大学章程的主要线索是组织的制度化和规范化、大学自治和学术本位的维护。

Religious, universities and specialized research institutions are institutional arrangements of knowledge in the river of cultural evolution from the perspective of institutional economics. University and its statute originated in medieval Europe as associations of students or teachers and the statute of universities as charter issued by the highest religious institutions, the Royal Household or representative body. It is shown that the charter stems from self-protection of guild in the Middle Ages in Europe and America, and the same time, the emergence of the charter of university reflected on the conflict and compromise between that religious authority and secular power in declaration of special powers and to seek training our special human resources since the Middle Ages and the Enlightenment. From the University itself, the evolution of the main clues of functions of charter of Universities is to maintain autonomy and the academic standard and institutionalization as an organization.