对非正规和无一定形式学习成果的认可、核定与认证在推进终身学习中的作用

The Role of Recognition, Validation and Accreditation of Non-formal and Informal Learning in Promoting Lifelong Learning

近年来，联合国教科文组织成员国的终身学习政策与实践的发展显示，年轻人和成人在生活经验中对于知识、技能与竞争力获取的需求日益增长，因为，当今他们的生活经验也面临着被衡量、被确认和承认。根据这种需求，许多成员国已经开发出了能够认可、核定与认证各种正式学习和非正式学习成果的机制，而更多的国家还在开发的过程当中。此次演讲将涉及到以下内容：1)回顾正式学习与非正式学习在教育与培训系统中的定位；2)分析正式学习与非正式学习认可、核定与认证对教育、经济和社会发展所做出的贡献；3)认可、核定与认证的过程：方法与工具；4)强调认可、核定与认证的参考点：标准、资格及资格框架；5)对被认可的利益攸关者及他们的作用定义；6)指出开发全国的认可、核定与认证系统面临的机遇与挑战。演讲总结部分包括对于首要任务、核心解决办法和开发全国的认可、核定与认证系统政策与策略的建议。这些建议包括：1)提倡增强将正式学习与非正式学习纳入到国民终身学习战略的认识；2)赋予缺少受教育机会的弱势群体以优先权；3)开发一个综合性的全国资格框架；4)加强过程、标准、衡量、评估工具与技术的开发；5)加强利益攸关者之间的交流与合作；6)转变现有教育和培训机构以及其他教育提供者；7)给学习者和潜在的学习者提供信息、指导和咨询；8)给联合国教科文组织成员国的技术协助提供方便，并加强重要人力资源的能力建设及优秀实践的分享；9)开发一个有成本效益与成本效率的金融支持体系；10)为地区间与次地区间的合作提供方便。

It is encouraging to note that in recent years, the development of lifelong learning policies and practices in many UNESCO Member States has shown that there is a growing demand by adults and young people for the knowledge, skills and competences acquired in the course of their life experiences to be made visible, assessed and validated and accredited. In responding to this demand, some Member States have developed mechanisms to recognize, validate and certify non-formal and informal learning, and many more are in the development process. This presentation intends to (1) review the position of non-formal and informal learning in the education and training system; (2) analyse the contribution of recognition, validation and accreditation of non-formal and informal learning (RVA) to educational, social and economic development; (3) outline the procedures of RVA: methods and instruments; (4) highlight reference points for RVA: standards, qualifications and national qualifications framework; (5) identify the stakeholders of the recognition programmes and their roles; and (6) point out the opportunities and challenges in developing a national RVA system. The presentation concludes with some recommendations on priorities, essential solutions and strategies in developing a national policy for RAV, including (1) advocacy for raising the awareness of the importance of non-formal and informal learning and positioning RVA as integral part of the national lifelong learning strategy; (2) give more priority to the underprivileged people who lack educational opportunities; (3) development a comprehensive National Qualification Framework; (4) enhance the development of procedures, standards, assessment and evaluation instruments and techniques; (5) facilitate communication and collaboration among all stakeholders; (6) transform the existing educational and training institutions and all other learning opportunity providers; (7) provide information, guidance and counseling to learners and potential learners; (8) facilitate technical assistance to Member States, and strengthen capacity building for key personnel and sharing successful practices; (9) develop a cost-efficient and cost-effective financial support mechanism; and (10) facilitate regional or sub-regional collaboration.