Heraclitus 的認識論思想及其對現代認知科學的一些啟發

The Epistemology Thinking of Heraclitus and Its Application in Cognitive Science

本文首次嘗試以Heraclitus 時代之前的古希臘文獻為依據，以Heidegger 詮釋學化的現象方法為方法，來詮釋和整理Heraclitus 殘篇自身中所顯現出來的認識論思想。揭示Logos 之詞義家族成員(例如靈魂、神性、理性、思想、智慧、理智、知識、真理等)間的正相關關係，以及Logos 之各家族成員都具有階層組織的金字塔結構。分析Logos 之階層組織的金字塔結構，得出階層之間具有不可逾越性、層級之間具有可流動性，且各層級的認識都存在無法避免的盲點和謬誤，但可經由理性的反思來自我向上提升。Heraclitus 認為「孤立和封閉使我們的理智失去了清醒時所具有的意識力量，理性因而受到遮蔽」是造成認識之侷限、盲點和謬誤的最主要原因。而超越這些侷限和謬誤的最簡單方法，就是自覺地認識到這些謬誤的存在和無可避免，因而能讓理性隨時處於開放的狀態，並經由不斷地反思來自我提升。本文雖大量引用Aristotle 的認識論觀點，但只是單純的作為背景參照，並非以Aristotle 的認識論來詮釋或整理Heraclitus 的認識論思想。唯一的例外是作者主觀地以Aristotle 關於理性、理智、經驗和感知覺在認識層次上的不同為依據，來分類和排序Heraclitus 殘篇中的相關思想(表4)。本文最後簡要討論Heraclitus 的認識論思想對現代認知科學和科學教育的一些啟發。

In this paper the Hermeneutic method of Heidegger is used to interpret the Heraclitus fragments so as to illuminate the epistemological thinking of Heraclitus. It reveals that the members of Logos family (e.g.rationality， wisdom， intellect， soul， divinity， ……) are positively related， and each has hierarchy nature with pyramid structure. Analyzing the pyramid structure of Logos has suggested hierarchy that any type and form of cognition has unavoidable blindness， errors and illusions. Heraclitus believes that the main reason for this situation is that the functions of organs， which are responsible for cognition， havelimitations and are thus often in a state of being closed or isolated. Therefore， the easiest way to recover their faults is to recognize these limitations of cognition consciously， and keep all the channels of communication with environments in a state of being open.Heraclitus believes that if we follow this finding consciously， then our “soul [will] possessa Logos [measure， proportion] which increases itself” (Fragment 115). This article has quoted a great number of Aristotle’s related views as reference; however， it is well recognized that Fragments can reveal the epistemology thinking of Heraclitus by themselves with the help of a suitable method.